Anthony Boyle

Daniela Castellazzo

Elizabeth I was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 until 1603. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, and was the last of the Tudor dynasty of monarchs.
 In the early years, Elizabeth’s life was a troubled one. She then ruled with intelligence and hard work and her reign was distinguished by great achievements in the arts, trade, and exploration.
 A stimulating reader which also offers dossiers about this period, known as The Golden Age. 
 
 Teacher's Resources available online: Answer Key - Audioscripts - Summing-up Activities
 
 Elizabetta I fu regina d’Inghilterra e Irlanda dal 1558 al 1603. Fu la figlia di Enrico VIII e Anna Bolena e l’ultima Tudor. I suoi primi anni furono tribolati ma, una volta al trono, regnò con intelligenza e caparbietà.
 Durante il suo regno, furono poste le basi della futura potenza commerciale e marittima della nazione.
 Una stimolante lettura che offre anche approfondimenti storici e culturali del periodo, conosciuto come The Golden Age.

Tudors’ and Stuarts’ family tree

Chapter 1 – Henry VIII’s Second Daughter

Extension: Women in Elizabethan England

Chapter 2 – A Royal Teenager’s Troubled Years

Extension: The Nine-Day Queen

Chapter 3 –The Virgin Queen

Extension: The golden age of exploration

Chapter 4 – A Queen with the Heart of a King

Extension: Scotland until Mary Stuart

Chapter 5 – As the Century Closes

Extension: Elizabethan Literature

Summing-up activities

Glossary

E X T E N S I O N SCOTLAND UNTIL MARY STUART We know little about Scotland before the Roman conquest of Britain.They called it Caledonia and built two great walls to keep out the  savages  that were a danger to their colony. As the Romans moved away from Britain in about 410 AD, invaders from Ireland, the Gales, began to colonize the northern parts of the island. In the middle of the following century, missionaries from Ireland brought the Catholic faith to the pagan tribes. Duncan, who ruled from about 1034-40, is one of the Robert the Bruce important kings of early Scotland. He led his armies in battles, usually ending in disaster for his causes. He is probably famous because of Shakespeare s Macbeth. In the play, the strong and courageous Macbeth, under the influence of his ambitious wife, kills Duncan and takes the Scottish throne.To save his position, he commits more crimes. Order is restored only when an English army invades the country and Macbeth is decapitated. Shakespeare s play is not historically accurate. Unlike the character created by him, Macbeth was a good king, a belief held by Scots even today. Robert the Bruce was King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329. He defeated both his Scottish and English enemies. He invaded Ireland and encouraged rebellion against English rule.With the support of the French, he forced Edward II from the English throne and ended the English claim to Scotland in 1328.The local warlords1 became more powerful under Robert the Bruce. To secure their support for his military efforts, he gave them land. When Robert died, turmoil2 broke out again over who would rule Scotland. War with England returned and ended when the Scots agreed to pay a huge sum to the English king.The clans, the families, continued to be in conflict. Sometimes they 1. warlord: a military leader who controls a country or an area within a country. 2. turmoil: disorder. 72 

were at war with one another even when there was a need to confront a common enemy. Margaret Tudor (1489-1541), Henry VIII s sister, established an important link between England and Scotland. At the start of the 16th century, James IV of Scotland married the daughter of the English king, Henry VII. Henry saw the marriage as a way to end Scotland s support of a rival for the English throne and as a way to unite the two states. The marriage led to the first peace treaty3 between the two kingdoms in 170 years. Her son, James V, was the father of Mary, Queen of Scots. The death of Mary s father created the climate for the rise of Protestantism in Scotland. The major clan leaders, the Scottish Lairds4, joined John Knox, a former priest who was influenced by Calvin s teachings. Knox wrote against the  Monstrous Regiment of Women . His writing and preaching5 had great influence in the towns and cities. Mary s court poet, George Buchanan, argued that the ancient kings of Scotland were elected by people and not chosen by God. He also circulated the notion that her immoral love life justified her being deposed. Later, he became her son s teacher and convinced him that his mother was a murderer, an adulteress, and a witch. Scotland s harsh6 environment made life difficult for its inhabitants. Its cold, wet, rocky and hilly terrain was not good for most types of farming. The frequent conflicts between its tribal or clan leaders and with the English increased the problems of ordinary people.The castles that mark the landscape were generally defensive structures and were not the palaces one associates with the English nobility. Until later centuries, it was certainly a place to leave if one could. John Knox 3. treaty: agreement. 4. Laird: a Scottish man who owns a large area of land. 5. preaching: a religious talk in a public place, especially in a church during a service. 6. harsh: very difficult and unpleasant to live in. 73 

Scopri il regno di Elisabetta I d'Inghilterra, una figura Tudor che ha plasmato il destino della nazione durante l'epoca dell'Età dell'Oro.

The Invincible Queen Collana RAINBOWS

Level A2 • Elementary - Collana RAINBOWS

The Invincible Queen

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