5.2 Grammar Present tenses Structure Use PRESENT SIMPLE + Subj + to inf (if subj = 3rd pers sing + -s) rd Subj + Aux (DO, if subj = 3 pers sing + -s) + not + to inf ? Aux (DO, if subj = 3rd pers sing + -s) + Subj + to inf PRESENT CONTINUOUS + Subj + Aux (BE ) pres simple + to inf + -ing Subj + Aux (BE ) pres simple + not + to inf + -ing ? Aux (BE ) past simple + subj + to inf + -ing 1. Permanent situations 1. Temporary situations 2. Frequency and routines 2. Current events 3. Facts 3. Moment of speaking 4. Timetables 4. Future definite arrangements 5. Description of places 5. Description of pictures/graphs > HR departments deal with personnel. > The receptionist usually arrives at 8.15 on Fridays. > Consumers appreciate good customer care service. > The manager s flight takes off at 8.05 from Luton. > The warehouse occupies over 5,000 sqm. Indicators Frequency adverbs > I m afraid the fax isn t working today. > Trenitalia is currently expanding their fleet. > Ms Frendiss is attending a meeting at the moment. > I m seeing the buyers on Thursday morning. > Sales are growing at a rate of 3%. expression, these + time expression Frequency expressions > every day/month/ , twice a day/month/ Expressions that indicate habits > on Sunday/ , at Halloween/ , in winter/ Both state and action verbs can be used in the present simple. State verbs: volition, cognition, perception, feeling. Expressions that indicate temporariness > at the moment, at present, now, today, while, this + time > always, often, usually, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never Only action verbs can be used in the present continuous. State verbs can t. Habitual actions can use the present continuous to mean annoyance > Mr Smith is always criticising his employees. Structure PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Subj + Aux (HAVE) present simple + Past Participle Subj + Aux (HAVE ) present simple + not + Past + Subj + Aux (HAVE ) present simple + Aux (BE ) past participle Participle ? Aux (HAVE ) present simple + Subj + Past Participle Use + to inf + -ing + Subj + Aux (HAVE ) present simple + not + Aux (BE ) past participle + to inf + -ing ? Aux (HAVE ) present simple + Subj + Aux (BE ) past articiple + to inf + -ing 1. Present impact of past action/recent event 1. Unfinished continuous or repetitive actions 2. Unfinished action started in the past 2. Recently finished actions with evidence 3. Unfinished periods of time 3. Unfinished activities in a period of time > Our sales are going up because we have reduced prices. > I haven t met the HR manager this month. > Mr Holli has worked for them for 20 years. (and still is) > We have been producing washing machines for 12 years. > The photocopier is hot, it has been working for the past three hours. > The clerk has been answering phone calls all day. (both day and phone calls haven t finished yet) 4. Present result of completed action in a period of time > We ve written 20 mails since this morning. 5. Finished past events with no time reference > We ve met many important investors. Indicators 388 just, ever, never, already, yet, for + total duration, since + beginning of duration, still, so far, recently, this/these + time expression, today, how long for + total duration, since + beginning of duration, recently, this/these + time expression, today, how long