5.4 How to How to write a summary A summary is a shortened, or condensed, version of a text containing only key information in order to give a short, but clear account of the basic ideas that the author of the original text wants to convey. Before writing Skim the text to identify different sections and look up words you do not understand. Read the text carefully to identify the topic, the main idea, the author s tone and style. Read the text carefully one paragraph at a time, and for each paragraph: underline the topic sentence, circle keywords, identify the main ideas and take notes. Structure and content 1. Introduction: the thesis statement 2. Body: the main ideas State the overall meaning of the text in a single sentence, in other words what the text is about. If you have not put it in the title of your summary, cite here the author and the title of the original text. Refer to the main ideas in the same order in which they appear in the original text. Do not use the same words, apart from some keywords, but rephrase your sentences using your own words. Use connectors to link the various ideas and make the text flow. Language Tips Write in the present tense, except in the case of historical or fictional narratives. Use synonyms and paraphrase the expressions from the original text; for example change the active form into a passive one or vice versa, using noun phrases instead of verbs, etc. Combine sentences to condense ideas by linking them with conjunctions or adverbs. Be concise. If not stated differently, a summary is usually one third of the original text. Do not put your opinions, ideas or interpretation of the text, or ideas that are not in the original text. The purpose of a summary is to represent accurately what the author wanted to say, not to provide a critique. Do not overuse the author s words, but if you have to, cite them. How to write a product review A review is a short critical text. They are generally written by people external to business organisations, but companies usually exploit positive reviews for marketing and advertising campaigns. Before writing Be sure you have all the information you need for your analysis. Language 456 Be objective and direct. 1. Details 2. Description 3. Critical analysis Provide a table of technical details. Describe the product briefly in text form. Evaluate the product. Tips If the review is promotional, only focus on positive aspects in the analysis and quote positive comments from authoritative people (e.g. critics, newspapers, etc.).