GRAMMAR PAST PERFECT vs. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Progressive FORM FORM - Affirmative sentences: subject + had + past participle - Affirmative sentences: subject + had + been + base form + -ing - Negative sentences: subject + had + not + past participle - Negative sentences: subject + had + not + been + base form + -ing - Interrogative sentences: had + subject + past participle - Interrogative sentences: had + subject + been + base form + -ing USE USE An action that happened before another action in the past. 1. Unfinished continuous or repetitive actions which took place once or many times before another action in the past. 1. - The teachers had had a meeting before they talked to the student’s parents. - The boy had been crying for twenty minutes before he calmed down. An action that happened before a specific time in the past. 2. Finished actions with evidence before a point in the past. 2. - The boy had already smoked a cigarette before 8 in the morning. - That girl was upset, she had been quarrelling with her brother all afternoon when I saw her. Undefined actions which started and ended in the past. 3. - She had gone out with him before. A state that started in the past and continued up to some time in the past. 4. - She had always liked rugby but her parents wanted her to play volleyball. TIME EXPRESSIONS TIME EXPRESSIONS - already, always, until, until then, by the time, before, once/twice, etc. - for (+ total duration), since (+ beginning of duration) - The lessons had already started by the time he got to school. - Before I came home, Dad had been talking to Robert since he got home from school. 17. Complete with the or the of the verbs in brackets. Past Perfect Past Simple his smartphone he came back from school. He (not use) since friends years. Those boys (be) for Robert he told them he’s a ballet dancer. Those bullies (tease) since it two years. Her parents want her to learn French. She (study) for Complete with the or the of the verbs in brackets. 18. Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous I’m sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the film started at 8:00. I to get tickets for that play for days, and I didn’t want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I five cups of coffee and I for over an hour. I had to leave because I to meet Kathy in front of the cinema. (try) (have) (wait) (arrange)