20 Choose the best option.
1. Attenuated vaccines are ...
a. made by putting the virus into an animal cell before putting it into human cells.
b. viruses which are unable to replicate in human cells.
c. viruses which cannot replicate well in human cells.

2. In an inactivated vaccine ...
a. the pathogen is inactivated by heat or chemicals.
b. the pathogen is destroyed.
c. the immune system cannot recognise the virus

3. Some bacterial diseases are caused by ...
a. bacteria.
b. toxins.
c. toxins produced by bacteria.
4. . .. vaccines only use one part of the pathogen.

a. Segment
b. Subunit
c. Conjugate

5. Gammaglobulins are ...
a. used as an active antibody.
b. small Y-shaped molecules.
c. concentrates for immunoprophylaxis.

21 Read Jenner's biography and complete the table in note form. Then, use the information from the fact file to talk about Jenner's lite.
Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire, on 17th May 1749, son of a loca I vicar. At 14, he was apprentice to a locai surgeon and then trained in London. In 1772, he returned to Berkeley and spent most of his life as a doctor. In 1796, he carried out his now famous experiment on eight-year-old James Phipps.Jenner inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule into an incision on the boy's arm. He was testing his theory that milkmaids who suffered the mild disease of cowpox never contracted smallpox. Jenner then proved that having been inoculated with cowpox, Phipps was immune to smallpox.
He submitted a paper to the Royal Society in 1797 describing his experiment, but was told that his ideas were too revolutionary and that he needed more proof. So,Jenner experimented on several other children, including his own eleven-month-old son. In 1798, the results were finally published and Jenner coined the word vaccine from the Latin vacca for cow.
Jenner was widely ridiculed, but vaccination soon became widespread and Jenner became famous and spent much of his time researching and advising
on developments of his vaccine.Jenner carried out research in a number of other areas of medicine and was also interested in fossi! collecting and horticulture. He died on 26 January 1823.
Adapted from: http://Www.bbc.eo.uk/historya/historic_figures

Edward Jenner’s fact file
Name: Famous for:
Surname: Jenner Other fields of interest:
Nationality:
Place of birth: Main events
Date of birth: 1796: first experiment
Father’s job: 1797:
Job: 1798:
Died:
A BRIEF HISTORY OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

The first immunoglobulin-like protein, the Bence Jones
protein, was discovered in 1845.
Over 100 years later, the fin al isotype, lgE, was discovered.
During this century, there have been various names used for immunoglobulins. There was also confusi on over what constituted a new immunoglobulin and how it should be named.

GLOSSARY

attenuated: indebolito
embryo: embrione
eventually: infine
immunoglobulin: immunoglobulina
pathogen: agente patogeno
target: obiettivo, destinatario
toxin: tossina
vaccine: vaccino