PROFESSION AND EQUIPMENT Answer these questions. a. What simple tools do you usually use to measure the distance between two points? b. Have you ever carried out a measurement with specific tools? c. Have you ever used them for practice exercises with a school project? boundary: confine give advice: dare consigli land planner: urbanista mining: attività mineraria 1 TYPES OF SURVEYING Surveying is the science of making measurements to establish the relative position of points above, on or beneath the surface of the earth. In order to achieve their objective, surveyors use elements of Geometry, Engineering, Trigonometry, Mathematics, Physics, and Law. Surveyors work in the office and in the field. Out in the field, they use the latest technology such as GPSs, Robotic Total Stations and aerial and terrestrial laser scanners to map an area, making calculations and taking photos as evidence. In the office, surveyors use sophisticated software, such as Auto-CAD to draw plans and maps. Surveyors deal with a different variety of projects from land subdivision and mining exploration, to tunnel building and major constructions. They also give advice and provide information to guide the work of engineers, architects and land planners. There are different branches of surveying, all of them to do with measurement of the earth s surface in one form or another: Land (or cadastral) surveying deals with the determination of land boundaries for legal purposes and land ownership. Geodetic surveying is concerned with very high precision measurement of the earth s surface for the determination of latitude and longitude. Topographic surveying refers to the mapping of the earth s surface by aerial, photogrammetric or ground surveys, or a combination of these methods. with locations of any natural site features or man-made improvements. As-built surveying can be utilized during a construction project or after the construction has been completed. The purpose of an as-built survey is to verify to local and state boards that the construction work authorized has been completed according to the rules during the planning stage and shown in the site plan. As-built surveys may be required for nearly every type of land project, from roads to building construction. Hydrographic surveying consists of the preparation of nautical charts and maps of the marine environment and seabed. Mining surveying is connected with above-ground open mines and below-ground mines and tunnels. Mining surveying As-built surveying 82 Module 3 FOUNDATIONS