1 PROFESSION AND EQUIPMENT SURVEYING What is meant by ‘surveying’? is the science of making to establish the of points above, on or beneath the surface of the earth. It includes the determination of the measurement data and their reduction and interpretation in a usable form. Surveying has two main purposes: Surveying measurements relative position The determination of the existing relative horizontal and vertical position, which is used for the process of . mapping The establishment of to control construction or to indicate . marks land boundaries Different types of surveying deals with the determination of land boundaries for legal purposes and land . Land (or cadastral) surveying ownership refers to the mapping of the earth’s surface by aerial, photogrammetric or ground surveys, or a combination of these methods, with locations of any natural site features or man-made improvements. Topographic surveying provides an assessment of a site at a particular point during or after the construction work. It serves as a basis upon which any changes can be recorded and as an essential reference document for anyone working in that area in the future. The purpose of an as-built survey is to confirm to local and state authorities that the construction work authorized has been completed according to the building regulations. As-built surveys can be required for nearly every type of land project, from roads to building construction. As-built 1 surveying consists of the preparation of nautical charts and maps of the marine environment and . Hydrographic surveying seabed is connected with above-ground open and below-ground mines and tunnels. Mining surveying mines is concerned with very high precision measurement of the earth’s surface for the determination of latitude and longitude . Geodetic surveying 1 WARM UP What simple tools do you usually use to measure the distance between two points? MORE The term ‘as-built’ is used in Italian with the same meaning ‘rilievo finale asbuilt’ (come costruito). 1 DO What do latitude and longitude represent? 1