4.1 DESIGNING MANUAL DRAFTING or hand drafting is the practice of creating drawings by hand with pencil or ink on a media such as paper or polyester film using drafting instruments and equipment. Proper line width and darkness are necessary to produce a quality drawing; in addition, symbols and are used to convey placement of objects, surfaces, sizes and other relevant information about the space being designed. Hand drafting was the preferred choice among professionals for a very long time. But the advent of more efficient and effective software technologies including computers, man-machine interface devices, and sophisticated software such as CAD have made design and drafting easier and less time consuming. Manual drafting sizing to scale Equipment for manual drafting The accuracy of drawings depends greatly on the quality of the instruments and tools used. The equipment includes: a , typically with a parallel motion, which allows consistent drawing of parallel lines. Drawing boards can often be adjusted in height and angle to suit the user; drawing board with varying lead hardness . Consider that the harder the pencil type, the lighter the drawing, and the softer the pencil type, the darker the drawing; specialised pencils 1 1 technical of varying sizes used to overwrite the pencil lines and give permanent lines. One of the most common technical pens is the , used to make lines of a constant width; drawing pens rapidograph , used for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length; scale rulers , shaped like a triangle and used for drawing straight lines and angles; set squares , used primarily as a guide for drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table; T-squares , used for drawing circles or arcs; compasses , used for measuring angles between 0 and 180°; protractors , allowing for the easy drawing of certain objects, symbols, common shapes, or text; templates or stencils stainless , to secure the corners of the sheet to the board; steel clips and . drafting paper , erasers, sharpeners, 2 drafting masking tape DO Go online and find information about graphite grades on which the hardness of pencils depends. 1 MORE 2H & 4H are used for first drawings and construction lines. The best types of pencils for are the HB, 2B, and 6B. 1 sketching MORE was used traditionally for drafting and came supplied in rolls. More recently, drafting paper, standard paper or tracing paper have become more common as they are less expensive. 2 Vellum paper sheets, Advantages and disadvantages The low cost of equipment compared to CAD hardware and software. (+) The clarity achieved due to the fact of seeing all the shapes, sizes and angles on one sheet. (+) The ability to bring creative style and expression to drawings. (+) A large amount of space for the drawing process, storage and viewing. (-) Drawings cannot be linked to digital information. (-) Drawings can take much more time to prepare in comparison to software drawings, and they are more difficult to correct. (-) It is more complicated to create three-dimensional representations. (-)