2.1 SHAPING MATERIALS CONVENTIONALLY METALWORKING is the process of forming and shaping metals to create useful tools and objects. The term covers a wide range of work, from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewellery. It includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools. Metalworking therefore The origins of metalworking Metallic have been extracted from the earth for thousands of years and precious metals have been worked into objects and valued by ancient civilisations , from Pharaohs in Egypt to Mayans in North America. Metalworking, in fact, has been a way for civilisations to communicate status, religious beliefs, and symbolism through artefacts. Artisans and were very skilled at creating objects of adornment, religious items, and trade instruments of precious metals and many of these ancient techniques are still used by today. The art of metalworking evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores in order to produce malleable and ductile metal to make tools and adornments. Iron and steel were essential to the progress of man and the knowledge of working metals gradually became an integral part of developing civilisations. Certain metalworking techniques are still in use at present, especially in a goldsmith’s art. ores 1 blacksmiths metalsmiths 1 MORE The oldest known evidence of metalworking is a copper pendant uncovered in Iraq which dates back to 8,700 BC. 1 DO Go online and find out the difference between a blacksmith and a metalsmith. 1 Modern techniques Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and more specialised than in the past, can be categorised into the following processes: is a collection of processes where material is brought to a specified shape by removing the excess using various kinds of tools. Cutting involves the introduction of molten metal into a cavity. Casting mould is the process of metal parts and objects through mechanical deformation; the workpiece is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming fashioning brings two or more pieces of metal together through one or more different processes which include , , and . Joining welding brazing soldering A number of machine tools capable of creating precise and useful workpieces are used. Commonly used metalworking tools range from the simple hammer and anvil to complex tools including fibre lasers, , , and welding equipment. 2 punch presses panel benders MORE To make a bend or curve in the metal, heat it and hold it over the anvil and strike it with a hammer to make your desired curve. You can strategically heat sections of your metal in the forge before bending it, rather than heating your entire piece. 2 horn