5.3 81 Social determinants refer to the conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, and age that affect their health and quality of life. Public health initiatives focus on concerns like air quality, water safety, and environmental risks, which can differ from state to state. In certain areas, factors like industrial pollution or climate change may create specific health threats, and public health agencies are fundamental in managing and reducing these risks. Can you give examples of screening? to foster: promuovere onset: esordio outcome: esito severity: gravit 156 SCIENCE AND PHYSICS HEALTH Take care of your body. It s the only place you have to live. Jim Rohn HEALTH EDUCATION Health education is a process that informs and invites individuals and communities to make informed decisions about their health and well-being. It involves a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, mental health, sexual health, substance abuse prevention, and disease prevention. Goals of health education One of the main goals of health education is to raise awareness about the factors that influence health, such as genetics, environment, behaviour, and social determinants . For example, people may be taught about the importance of regular physical activity in preventing chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, or the risks of smoking and alcohol use. It also emphasises the importance of mental health, providing resources and strategies to deal with stress, anxiety, and depression. Incorporating health education into schools, workplaces, and community programmes can lead to long-term benefits. Besides, health education fosters a more informed, healthier society, which can lower healthcare costs and improve public health outcomes. Primordial prevention aims at reducing risks and is targeted towards the whole population through laws and national policy. It works on the social conditions that promote the potential onset of a disease, for example, by creating cycle lanes to promote physical activity and decrease risk factors for obesity. Primary prevention focuses on measures aimed at preventing a disease from occurring and is targeted towards healthy individuals. It includes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk, for example by promoting vaccination campaigns. Secondary prevention works on the early detection of a disease and is targeted towards healthy-appearing individuals who may have developed a form of a disease without apparent symptoms. Screenings are typical examples of this type of prevention. Tertiary prevention targets symptomatic patients and aims at reducing the severity of the disease, pain, and possible complications, for example with medication and rehabilitation. LEVELS OF PREVENTION Disease prevention Disease prevention refers to Goals Target population efforts aimed at reducing the risk of developing diseases or Symptomatic Complications health conditions. It involves Tertiary patients & Disability prevention proactive measures that individuals, communities, Asymptomatic & Prevalence & Secondary early desease and healthcare systems Complications prevention take to stop the onset Susceptible of diseases before Incidence population Primary prevention they occur. Disease prevention can be divided into four Emergence General Primordial prevention of risk factors population main types.