25 What are the dimensions of a standard and a small arena? Search the Internet to find out. In show jumping competitions horses have to jump between twelve and twenty fences, depending on the level of the competition itself. Horses are allowed a limited number of refusals, after which they are disqualified. canter: galoppo collected: riunito ditch: fosso fence: ostacolo gait: andatura leg yield: cessione alla gamba log: tronco shoulder-in: spalla in dentro 52 TO GO OLYMPIC HORSE-RIDING DISCIPLINES Equestrian competitions such as dressage, show jumping, and eventing have become part of the Olympics since the fifth edition of the Games, which took place in Stockholm in 1912. Dressage Dressage competitions consist of a series of tests in which horses have to perform some predetermined movements with an increasing level of difficulty. Competitions are held at all levels, from amateur to the Olympic Games and World Equestrian Games, in rectangular arenas, whose dimensions vary according to the level of the competition. High level competitions are held in standard arenas, while competitions at lower levels take place in small arenas . The movements which horses are required to perform in a dressage competition are the following: Walk, trot, canter: the horse must perform these gaits with regularity, rhythm, and impulsion; Transitions: changes between gaits (e.g. walk to trot, trot to canter); Lateral movements: movements that require the horse to move sideways, such as leg yields and shoulder-in; Collected movements: movements that demonstrate the horse s collection and balance, such as piaffe and passage. Show jumping Show jumping tests the technical jumping skills of the horse. In this type of competitions, horses have to jump, within a set time, over a number of fences mounted in an arena, in a ring- shaped course which usually has many turns and changes of direction. Penalties are given in the following cases: for knockdowns (knocking down obstacles); for every second over the allowed time; for refusals (when the horse stops before a fence) . Placements are based on the lowest number of faults accumulated and the lowest time employed. A horse and rider who have not accumulated any faults or penalty points are said to have scored a clear round . Eventing Eventing is a competition where a single horse competes across the three disciplines of dressage, cross-country, and show jumping. The competition may be run as a one-day event or a threeday event, with dressage as the first competition, followed by cross-country the next day, and then show jumping. The cross-country phase consists of twelve to twenty obstacles at the lower levels, or thirty to forty at the higher levels, placed on a long circuit created in the countryside. They consist of natural objects (e.g. logs or stone walls), ponds, streams, ditches, and combinations of these requiring jumping efforts that would commonly occur in a natural landscape. As in show jumping, the competitor with the lowest score wins; penalties are given for refusals, jumping obstacles in the wrong order, and falls.