84 Do you know how Les Fauves can be translated into English? The spokesperson of the surrealist movement was the poet Breton, whose Manifesto of Surrealism was published in 1924 in France. In his ground-breaking 1912 treatise Concerning the Spiritual in Art, Kandinsky espoused the deep interconnection of colour, shape, form, music, art, spirituality, and the soul. Picasso, Demoiselles d'Avignon It came to an end when the Nazis came to power in 1933: they banned the work of almost all the expressionists, which they considered degenerate . haunting: ossessionante jarring: stridente, di disturbo to overturn: rovesciare smeared: spalmato to spark: dare il via THE 20TH CENTURY: PAINTING Fauvism The leader of Fauvism was Matisse, who rejected traditional renderings of three-dimensional space in favour of a new space defined by movement of colour. In his famous Woman with the Hat (1905), brisk strokes of colour form an energetic, expressive view of the woman. A French art critic nicknamed him and similar painters Les Fauves because they used unrealistic colours with wild and loose touches. Kandinsky, Yellow, Red, Blue Cubism Cubism was created around 1907-1908 by Picasso and Braque. Paintings show objects from many angles at once because the artists believed painters should not just present realistic views of subjects but every part of the whole subject. Picasso s Les Demoiselles d Avignon (1907) was the first Cubist painting. Cubism did not get its name until about a year later, however. After viewing one of Braque s paintings, an art critic said that it looked as if it was made up of cubes. The new style forever changed the way people thought about painting and influenced other art forms as well. Surrealism With the goal of erasing all constraints on the mind and achieving the unrestrained expression of subconscious thought, surrealism renounced logic and realism and overturned social and cultural conventions thanks to works by Ernst, Mir , and others. By the second half of the 1920s, artists such as Magritte and Dal were producing surrealist art typified by grotesque distortion of objects and empty or catastrophic landscapes. With its haunting, dreamlike visions, surrealist art sparked a revival of the imagination. Abstract art Developed at the beginning of the 20th century, abstract art included Mondrian and Malevich, but the father of abstract painting was Kandinsky. He thought painting did not need a subject, but just shapes and colours. He loved music and felt he could convey it through colours. Expressionism In expressionism, the artist did not try to reproduce objective reality but depicted the subjective emotions that a person feels in response to objects and events. This movement emerged in Germany in the early 20th century. Its style is characterised by the use of distortion, exaggeration, and fantasy to create vivid or jarring effects. The major exponents are Munch, Schiele, and Kirchner. Even if Bacon was not a proper Expressionist, his works are expressionist in style: many of his early paintings are based on images by other artists, which he distorts for his own expressive purposes, and many depict isolated figures, often framed by geometric constructions, and rendered in smeared, violent colours. Kirchner, Marzella 194 CreAtive ArtS