97 Dogme 95 sought to eliminate the artifice of filmmaking and return to the basics. It adhered to a strict set of rules known as the Vows of Chastity , which included using handheld cameras, natural light, and onlocation shooting. Films like Vinterberg s The Celebration (1998) and Von Trier s The Idiots (1998) exemplified the raw, unfiltered approach of Dogma 95. DIFFERENT MOVEMENTS AND DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Cinema has evolved through a great deal of movements and across various countries, each contributing a unique voice and vision to the art form, helping the film industry develop an innovative audiovisual language. using non-professional actors and shooting on location. Films such as Bicycle Thieves (1948) and Rome, Open City (1945) provided a stark contrast to the glamour of Hollywood, influencing future generations of filmmakers. German expressionism Germany s contribution to early cinema was profound, particularly through the movement known as German Expressionism. Characterised by distorted sets, stark lighting, and exaggerated performances, this style aimed to reflect the inner turmoil and emotions of its characters. Notable films include Wiene s The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Murnau s Nosferatu (1922), which influenced the horror genre and film noir in later years. France Some writers of the influential magazine Cahiers du Cin ma, Fran ois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Varda, and other critics, introduced auteur theory in the late 1940s. According to this theory, the director, who oversees all audio and visual elements of the motion picture, is to be considered the author of the movie more than the writer of the script; in other words, it was fundamental visual elements such as camera placement, blocking, lighting, and scene length, rather than plot line that conveyed the message of a film. Filmmakers in the French New Wave broke away from traditional storytelling techniques, experimenting with improvised dialogue and unconventional narratives. Seminal films like Breathless (1960) and The 400 Blows (1959) challenged established norms and paved the way for modern independent cinema. Soviet Montage The Soviet Union s unique approach to filmmaking, known as Soviet Montage, emphasised the power of editing to create meaning and evoke emotional responses. It was pioneered by filmmakers like Sergei Eisenstein, who introduced the juxtaposition of images. This movement produced groundbreaking works such as Battleship Potemkin (1925). raw: grezzo to seek: cercare seminal: influente stark: crudo, severo turmoil: tumulto Italy In the aftermath of World War II, Italian filmmakers sought to depict the harsh realities of life through a movement known as Neorealism. Directors like De Sica, Rossellini, and Visconti focused on the struggles of ordinary people 224 BiG and smaLL scrEEn Contemporary movements The Dogme 95 movement, initiated by Danish directors Von Trier and Vinterberg, emphasised authenticity in filmmaking. Iranian cinema, with directors like Kiarostami and Farhadi, has gained international recognition for its poetic and humanistic storytelling. The rise of digital technology has democratised filmmaking, allowing voices from diverse backgrounds to share their stories on a global scale.