99 The British director Ken Loach has always done his best to focus on one aspect of society: the forgotten. Christopher Nolan s 2017 film Dunkirk has obtained critical acclaim for its immersive storytelling and stunning visuals. Look up the plot. What do you know about King George VI? List any film and/or TV series dealing with him. feature film: lungometraggio zeitgeist: spirito del tempo CINEMA, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE Cinema is often a mirror of a particular era, encapsulating its values, aspirations, fears, and societal norms. The films of any given period are imbued with the zeitgeist of that time, capturing the mood and essence of the society from which they emerge. Representation matters While cinema can certainly reflect societal changes, it also has the power to initiate them. Filmmakers have historically used their art as a tool for challenging societal norms and pushing boundaries. Whether through groundbreaking storylines, diverse representation, or provocative themes, films have often been at the forefront of initiating conversations that lead to broader social change: from the impact of films like Guess Who s Coming to Dinner on interracial relationships to independent female characters in several films, up to a testament to the evolving perceptions of gender roles represented by Philadelphia. Cinema can shape identities and encourage a sense of belonging. When people from different walks of life see themselves authentically depicted in films, it sends a message that their stories are valid and their experiences matter. Walking in others shoes Cinema s immersive nature amplifies empathy by allowing audiences to step into the shoes of characters. This emotional journey encourages empathy by exposing viewers to perspectives they might never have 228 BiG and smaLL scrEEn considered. Whether it is experiencing the challenges of a disabled individual in My Left Foot or witnessing the struggles of refugees in many recent films, these stories evoke empathy, encouraging viewers to contemplate the experiences of others and see the world through a more compassionate lens. Bringing history to life Whether retelling stories about past events or reflecting more contemporary issues, cinema has been the primary source of historical knowledge for many people from its earliest years right up to the present, although the genre faces challenges such as balancing historical accuracy with creative storylines and managing the ethical implications of depicting sensitive events. Historical films often reflect and shape national identity by portraying significant moments in a country s history. Feature films like Dunkirk and The King s Speech not only entertain but also contribute to collective memory and national pride by highlighting moments of unity, leadership, and resilience. However, filmmakers frequently take creative liberties to enhance narrative drama. This can lead to distorted or romanticised portrayals of history. For example, Braveheart and The Patriot have been criticised for historical inaccuracies while remaining beloved for their emotional impact and compelling storytelling.