83 Water is forced through a small nozzle at extremely high pressure, often around 2 to 6 kg/cm2. It is especially used to cut hard metals such as titanium, brass, carbon steel, and copper alloys. CUTTING In metalworking, cutting refers to the process of removing material from a workpiece to shape or size it according to desired specifications. Several cutting techniques are used depending on the material, desired finish, and precision required. Water jet cutting Common cutting processes Machining: Turning: a lathe machine is used to rotate a workpiece against a cutting tool to remove material, typically to create cylindrical shapes; Sawing uses a continuous blade (bandsaw) to cut metal. It is used to make straight cuts, especially for thicker or larger metal pieces. Laser cutting is a very precise method using a laser beam to melt, burn, or vaporise material. Laser cutting is suitable for intricate shapes and thin materials. Plasma cutting uses a high-temperature plasma arc to melt and blow metal away. Plasma cutting is typically used for thicker materials and is faster than laser cutting, but less precise. Machining bandsaw: segatrice a nastro grinding: sgrossatura, lucidatura lathe: tornio milling: fresatura nozzle: ugello sawing: segatura to sharpen: affilare shearing: cesoiatura to smooth: lisciare spark: scintilla 200 MECHANICS Milling: a rotating cutting tool is used to remove material from a stationary workpiece. Milling can be done in various directions (horizontal, vertical) to create complex shapes, slots, or contours; Drilling: a drill bit is used to create round holes in a workpiece. The tool rotates and moves downwards to remove material; Grinding: a grinding wheel removes amounts of material from a workpiece, often to smooth or sharpen edges. Shearing involves using a pair of blades to cut metal, usually to create straight lines. The material is placed between two blades a movable and a stationary one and force is applied to cut it. This process is commonly used to cut sheets of metal. Water jet cutting uses high-pressure water , often mixed with abrasives, to cut through metal. This process produces very clean cuts without generating heat, so it is used for heat-sensitive materials. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) uses electrical sparks to erode material from the workpiece. It s especially useful for cutting very hard metals and can be used to create complex shapes and features. Laser cutting