91 Very big shapers can machine workpieces up to 15 metres long. The inventor of the cylindrical grinding machine was John Wilkinson (17291809), who experimented the first type of pedal-driven grinding machine in 1786. OTHER MACHINE TOOLS Shapers and planers Shapers and planers are machine tools used to create flat surfaces, grooves, shoulders, T-slots, and angled surfaces. Shapers use a single-point cutting tool that moves back and forth to shape smaller workpieces. Shaper Planers are designed for larger workpieces , with the cutting tool remaining stationary while the workpiece moves beneath it. Milling machines Milling machines are highly adaptable and mainly used to create flat surfaces, though they can also shape irregular ones. They can bore holes and cut slots using a rotating cutter with multiple teeth. The orientation of the cutter defines the type of milling machine, which can be either horizontal or vertical. The most common type found in machine shops is the vertical spindle machine, equipped with a swivelling head which ensures greater flexibility. Planer Milling machine to bore: forare planer: piallatrice to rub: sfregare shaper: spianatrice shoulder: spallamento to spin: girare swivelling: inclinabile T-slot: asola a t 216 MECHANICS power-feed drills, which are larger and heavier than hand-feed drills and feature an automatic feeding mechanism for the cutting tool. Grinding machines Grinding is the process of removing material from a surface by rubbing it against an abrasive rotating wheel: it is especially employed when dimensional accuracy and good surface finish are required. They can be power driven or manually operated and are classified into four main categories: cylindrical grinder , used for shaping the outside of a workpiece; centreless grinder, which uses two rotary wheels to secure the workpiece in place; tool and cutter grinder, with multiple grinding wheels; surface grinder, which consists of an abrasive wheel, a holding device, and a rotary table. Drilling machines Drilling is a machining process that creates circular holes in solid materials using a rotating drill, which typically has multiple cutting edges. The drill is held in a spindle, where it spins and advances into the material at adjustable speeds. Maintenance workers use two main types of drilling machines for repairs and part fabrication: hand-feed drills, which are manually operated tools for precise hole-making; Driling machine Grinding machine