98 Engines burn fuel to create motion; motors use electricity, not fuel, to create motion. What pollutants are emitted by cars? A lithium-ion battery works by moving ions of lithium between two electrodes. See unit 2.1. Some newer electric cars even offer ranges of over 400 kilometres on a single charge, making them practical for daily commuting and long trips. braking: frenata disposal: smaltimento gearbox: ingranaggio outlet: presa elettrica purchase: acquisto to flow: scorrere ELECTRIC CARS Electric cars, also called EVs (Electric Vehicles), are vehicles powered entirely by electricity instead of petrol or diesel. Energy is stored in batteries, which drive an electric motor connected to the wheels. Electric cars have become popular due to concerns about climate change, rising fuel costs, and advances in battery technology. Unlike traditional vehicles, in fact, EVs produce no harmful emissions , which makes them much cleaner for the environment. How they work Electric cars use a large lithium-ion battery as their main energy source. Inside the battery, there are many cells that contain two main parts called the anode ( ) and the cathode (+), separated by a chemical substance called electrolyte. When the battery is charged, chemical energy is stored in these cells. When the car is running, a chemical reaction occurs, releasing electricity that flows through wires to the electric motor. This electricity powers the motor, which turns the wheels and makes the car move. Regenerative braking systems are often used to recover energy when the car slows down, because they temporarily turn the electric motor into Electric car battery a generator that sends electricity back to the battery for later use. Mechanically, electric cars are easier and simpler than petrol or diesel cars as they do not require fuel tanks, exhaust systems, or complex gearboxes. Charging can be done at home using a standard outlet or at specialised fast-charging stations for quicker energy replenishment . Advantages and challenges Electric cars have several advantages, including lower running costs, reduced maintenance, and environmental benefits. They are quieter, smoother, and often faster in acceleration than traditional engines. However, there are challenges as well. The initial purchase cost of an EV can be higher than that of a petrol car, and charging infrastructure is still limited in some areas. Battery production and disposal also have environmental impacts, although research is ongoing to make them more sustainable. Electric traction motor Power electronics controller DC/DC converter Thermal system (cooling) Traction battery pack Charge port Transmission Onboard charger 230 MECHANICS Battery (auxiliary)