102 Why does the combustion process produce noise? A car airbag inflates in about 20-30 milliseconds during a crash, faster than the blink of an eye. In modern cars, the ABS, traction control, and stability control share sensors and data to act faster during emergencies. OTHER CAR SYSTEMS Steering and suspension system The steering and suspension system allows the driver to control the direction of the car while keeping it stable and comfortable. The steering part includes the steering wheel, column, and linkages that turn the wheels. The suspension part includes springs, shock absorbers, and struts that absorb bumps and keep the tyres in contact with the road. Together, these components improve handling, provide a smoother ride, and increase safety. A well-maintained steering and suspension system reduces tyre wear, improves control, and ensures that the car responds correctly to the driver s input. Exhaust system The exhaust system removes the gases produced during the engine s combustion process and reduces noise . It starts at the exhaust manifold, where hot gases leave the engine, then passes through pipes to components like the catalytic converter and the muffler. The catalytic converter changes harmful gases into less dangerous ones, while the muffler reduces noise. Finally, gases exit through the tailpipe. A properly working exhaust system improves engine efficiency, lowers emissions, and protects passengers from harmful fumes. Regular inspections are essential to keep the system safe and efficient. bump: dosso crumple zone: zona a deformazione controllata to drift out: sbandare linkage: collegamento, leva muffler: marmitta pipe: tubo strut: montante, ammortizzatore a molla tailpipe: tubo di scarico 236 MECHANICS Safety system The safety system of a car is designed to protect passengers and reduce the risk of injury in accidents. It includes active systems like anti-lock brakes (ABS), traction control, and electronic stability control, which help prevent crashes. It also has passive systems like airbags , seatbelts, and crumple zones, which minimise injury when a collision occurs. Modern vehicles may also have advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), such as lane-keeping assistance or automatic emergency braking. The former uses cameras that watch the road markings, and, if the car starts to drift out, the system warns the driver or moves the steering to keep the car in the lane. The latter uses sensors or cameras so that if the car is getting too close to another vehicle, the system will automatically slow down or stop the car. Together, these technologies improve vehicle safety and give drivers more control and confidence on the road.