107 A full human body has about 240 degrees of freedom. Some advanced humanoid robots have up to 50 or more degrees of freedom, allowing them to move almost like real humans. For example, they can turn their heads, bend fingers, and even make facial expressions. Articulated robot INDUSTRIAL ROBOTICS Industrial robots are programmable machines designed to perform tasks in factories and production lines. They can move, lift, weld, assemble, and paint with great precision and speed. These robots help improve efficiency, safety, and product quality by handling repetitive or dangerous jobs, allowing humans to focus on supervision, maintenance, and more creative work. Degrees of freedom Degrees of freedom (DOF) refer to the number of independent movements a robotic arm can make. Each degree of freedom represents one possible direction or type of motion, such as moving up and down, side to side, or rotating around an axis. A typical robotic arm has usually got six degrees of freedom : base rotation; shoulder movement; wrist pitch (up and down); wrist yaw (side to side); wrist roll (rotation). elbow: gomito to lift: sollevare overhead: sopraelevato pitch: inclinazione sorting: smistamento wrist: polso yaw: rotazione laterale Gantry robot 246 MECHANICS Gantry (or Cartesian) robots consist of a manipulator mounted onto an overhead system that allows movement across a horizontal plane. They are generally used in CNC machines and for welding. Cylindrical robots have a primary arm that moves up and down and its axes form a cylindrical coordinate system. They are used for machine loading. elbow movement; SCARA robot for fast and repetitive pick and place tasks, i.e. from one location to another, so they are suitable for assembling parts and heat treatment processes. Articulated robots usually have three rotary joints which are arranged in a chain. They are commonly used in assembly, painting, and welding. Spherical robots have a rotary base, two rotary joints, and a linear one. They can point in many directions and reach some significant distance thanks to their telescopic axis, so they are mainly used in assembly lines. SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) robots are manipulators with four DOF suitable Delta robots are spider-like robots used for high-speed electronics, packaging, and sorting. Types of industrial robots Cylindrical robot Spherical robot Delta robot