Roy Palmer

Doretta Ardu

L’argomento.
 Bit by Bit è un corso di inglese specialistico per il settore Informatico.
 
 I contenuti sono ordinati secondo criteri di graduale complessità concettuale e linguistica e vengono esplorati utilizzando le quattro abilità in modo omogeneo e integrato. I brani offrono un assortimento di stili, registri e livelli di difficoltà.
 
 La struttura.
 Bit by Bit è diviso in sei Moduli, ognuno dei quali è ripartito in un numero variabile di Unità.
 
 Ogni Unità è suddivisa in brevi Capitoli su due pagine – teoria ed esercizi – per favorire uno studio più parcellizzato e la scelta antologica da parte dell’insegnante. Brevi link (curiosità, ampliamenti, rimandi, attività o mini-approfondimenti) arricchiscono i brani per consentire una maggiore interattività. Un ricco apparato iconografico correda i brani di lettura, per ognuno dei quali è previsto un esauriente glossario.
 
 Al termine di ogni Unità sono presenti le seguenti sezioni:
 
 <ul><li>Grammar: Revisione delle strutture grammaticali più comuni con esercizi di rinforzo calati nel contesto;
</li><li>Citizenship: Attività che prendono spunto da contenuti dell’unità per agganciarsi a tematiche legate all’educazione civica e alla cittadinanza.
</li></ul>Alla fine di ogni Modulo, il testo propone ulteriori attività:
 
 <ul><li>Vocabulary: Esercizi di revisione e consolidamento;
</li><li>Real-life skills: Compiti di realtà e collaborativi, lavori di gruppo con un taglio di tipo pratico calato nella realtà;
</li><li>Case study: Argomento di attualità corredato di esercizi mirati all’approfondimento e alla discussione;
</li><li>Clip: Breve clip tratta da film attinenti agli argomenti del Modulo;
</li><li>Mapping your mind: Mappa concettuale riepilogativa.
</li></ul>Il testo si conclude con due ampie appendici:
 
 <ul><li>Biz bits: presenta testi e attività relativi al mondo del commercio e dell’economia;
</li><li>Careers: descrive le varie fasi della ricerca di un lavoro e analizza diversi profili lavorativi nel settore ICT.</li></ul>

MODULE 1 - THE BIRTH AND ROLE OF COMPUTERS

Unit 1.1 • Computer science, ICT and digital literacy

Unit 1.2 • Computers

VOCABULARY

REAL-LIFE SKILLS Choosing the right computer

CASE STUDY Artistic creations with e-waste

CLIP FILM The Time Machine

MAPPING YOUR MIND

MODULE 2 - THE BODY OF COMPUTERS

Unit 2.1 • The electronics of computers

Unit 2.2 • The structure of computers

Unit 2.3 • The peripherals of computers

REAL-LIFE SKILLS Dealing with QR codes and barcodes

CASE STUDY Federico Faggin and Intel 4004

CLIP FILM Strange Days

MODULE 3 - THE MIND OF COMPUTERS

Unit 3.1 • Computer languages

Unit 3.2 • Computer programming

Unit 3.3 • Operating systems

REAL-LIFE SKILLS Choosing the best programming language for your task

CASE STUDY Ada Lovelace, the first computer programmer

CLIP FILM Steve Jobs

MODULE 4 - THE USES OF COMPUTERS

Unit 4.1 • Main software

Unit 4.2 • Graphics software

Unit 4.3 • Other software programs

Unit 4.4 • The new frontiers of ICT

REAL-LIFE SKILLS Organising your school week and your notes

CASE STUDY The Story of Open Office

CLIP FILM AI – Artificial Intelligence

MODULE 5 - LINKING COMPUTERS

Unit 5.1 • Communication networks

Unit 5.2 • The Internet

Unit 5.3 • Sharing online

REAL-LIFE SKILLS Choosing a name and a template for a class blog

CASE STUDY Trivago: an aggregator website

CLIP FILM Lucy

MODULE 6 - PROTECTING COMPUTERS

Unit 6.1 • Computer threats

Unit 6.2 • Computer protection

Unit 6.3 • Protecting yourself and your data

REAL-LIFE SKILLS Encrypting and decrypting messages with Caesar cipher

CASE STUDY 2017 Wannacry ransom attack

CLIP FILM The Imitation Game

APPENDICES

1 • Biz bits

2 • Careers

3 • Technical Glossary

4 • Acronyms

3.2 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING THE C FAMILY It was developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs. It was designed and implemented at Bell Labs in 1979. The programmer was Bjarne Stroustrup. The ++ in its name indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1. C# is pronounced see sharp. The name C# was inspired by musical notation where a sharp indicates that the written note should be made a semitone higher in pitch. Check if Visual Studio is free.   The first C language C is a general-purpose programming language . Its design provides constructs that map typical machine instructions efficiently, and it has therefore found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, in particular system software like the Unix operating system. Its success is due to the fact that there are different types of C compilers to fit any type of computer architecture.   Other C languages Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, and Unix s C Shell in the late 1970s. The most pervasive influence on these languages has been syntactical, in fact they tend to use the recognisable expression and statement syntax of C. Successive developments of C language include:   C++ It was designed for general object-oriented programming in the days when the typical computer was a standalone machine running a command line-based user interface. It is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. It is usually compiled and supports procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming and generic programming.   C# It is a simple, modern, generalpurpose, object-oriented programming language. It is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), a technical standard developed by Microsoft that allows multiple high-level languages to be used on different computer platforms. C# is specifically designed to work in the modern environment of Windows and mouse-controlled user interfaces, networks and the Internet.   Microsoft Visual C# Developed in 2010, it is a programming environment used to create computer applications for the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems. The latest version is Visual Studio 2022 . to borrow: prendere in prestito construct: costrutto formerly: precedentemente to handle: gestire lasting: durevole pitch: tono to require: necessitare standalone: autonomo 108 THE MIND OF COMPUTERS 

1 3.6 Listen to a radio extract and complete the tables. The 2021 Top Programming Languages Predictions for the year 2022 Rank Rank Language 1 Spectrum ranking 1 100 2 2 3 Javascript 6 7 R 8 2 3 3 C 4 5 Language 92.4 4 88.1 5 82.4 6 81.7 7 77.7 8 9 HTML 9 10 Swift 10 Go Swift Use the Internet to find data on the top programming languages for the current year. Compare this with the information in the tables of the previous activity. Read the text and decide if these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. The Design of C++ The purpose of a programming language is to help express ideas in code. To do this, a programming language performs two related tasks: it provides a vehicle for the programmer to specify actions to be executed by the machine, and it provides a set of concepts for the programmer to use when thinking about what can be done. The first purpose ideally requires a language that is close to the machine so that all important aspects of a machine are handled simply and efficiently in a way that is reasonably obvious to the programmer. The C language was primarily designed with this in mind. The second purpose ideally requires a language that is close to the problem to be solved so that the concepts of a solution can be expressed directly and concisely. The facilities added to C to create C++, such as function argument checking, classes, constructors and destructors, exceptions, and templates, T 1. Actions are executed by the machine and concepts are expressed by the programmer. 2. Concepts require a language that is close to the machine. 3. C++ added facilities to C in order to solve problems in a more direct and concise way. were primarily designed with this in mind. Thus, C++ is based on the idea of providing both: 1. direct mappings of the operations and efficient memory use, and 2. affordable and flexible abstraction mechanisms. This was initially achieved by applying ideas from Simula to C. Over the years, further application of the simple ideas resulted in a far more general, efficient, and flexible set of facilities. The result supports a synthesis of programming styles that can be simultaneously efficient and elegant. The design of C++ has focused on programming techniques dealing with fundamental notions such as memory, mutability, abstraction, resource management, expression of algorithms, error handling, and modularity, which are the most important concerns of a system programmer. Adapted from: B. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition, Addison-Wesley Professional, 2013 F T F 4. C++ provides efficient memory. 5. Applying ideas from Simula to C++ made the language more efficient and flexible. 6. C++ takes into account memory, changeability, the use of resources, and dealing with errors. 3.2   COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 109 

English for information and communication technology. Bit by Bit è un corso di inglese specialistico per il settore Informatico.

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