7.2 GRAMMAR PRESENT TENSES Structure Use PRESENT SIMPLE + Subj + to inf (if subj = 3rd pers sing + -s) Subj + Aux (DO, if subj = 3rd pers sing + -s) + not + to inf ? Aux (DO, if subj = 3rd pers sing + -s) + Subj + to inf PRESENT CONTINUOUS + Subj + Aux (BE ) pres simple + to inf + -ing Subj + Aux (BE ) pres simple + not + to inf + -ing ? Aux (BE ) past simple + subj + to inf + -ing 1. Permanent situations 1. Temporary situations > Genetic eneginnering deals with direct manipulation of DNA. 2. Frequency and routines > I m afraid the milking machine isn t working today. 2. Current events > Spring starts on 21st March. 3. Facts > Some companies are currently producing GM crops. 3. Moment of speaking > Consumers appreciate good customer care service. 4. Timetables > Ms Frendiss is attending a meeting at the moment. 4. Future definite arrangements > The manager s flight takes off at 8.05 from Luton. 5. Description of places > I m seeing the buyers on Thursday morning. 5. Description of pictures/graphs > The warehouse occupies over 5,000 sqm. Indicators Frequency adverbs > Sales are growing at a rate of 3%. expression, these + time expression Frequency expressions > every day/month/ , twice a day/month/ Expressions that indicate habits > on Sunday/ , at Halloween/ , in winter/ Both state and action verbs can be used in the present simple. State verbs: volition, cognition, perception, feeling. Expressions that indicate temporariness > at the moment, at present, now, today, while, this + time > always, often, usually, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never Only action verbs can be used in the present continuous. State verbs can t. Habitual actions can use the present continuous to mean annoyance > Mr Smith is always criticising his employees. Structure PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Subj + Aux (HAVE) present simple + Past Participle Subj + Aux (HAVE ) present simple + not + Past Participle + Subj + Aux (HAVE ) present simple + Aux (BE ) past participle ? Aux (HAVE ) present simple + Subj + Past Participle Use 1. Present impact of past action/recent event + to inf + -ing + Subj + Aux (HAVE ) present simple + not + Aux (BE ) past participle + to inf + -ing ? Aux (HAVE ) present simple + Subj + Aux (BE ) past articiple + to inf + -ing 1. Unfinished continuous or repetitive actions > Our sales are going up because we have reduced prices. 2. Unfinished action started in the past > We have been producing ros wines for 12 years. 2. Recently finished actions with evidence > I haven t fertilised the field this month. 3. Unfinished periods of time > The field is flooded, it has been raining for 12 hours. 3. Unfinished activities in a period of time > Xylella has been affecting olive groves since 2013. > Mr Holli has worked for them for 20 years. (and still is) 4. Present result of completed action in a period of time > We ve written 20 mails since this morning. 5. Finished past events with no time reference > We ve met many important investors. Indicators 368 EXTRA just, ever, never, already, yet, for + total duration, since + beginning of duration, still, so far, recently, this/these + time expression, today, how long for + total duration, since + beginning of duration, recently, this/these + time expression, today, how long