4.3 SERIOUS DISEASES OF OLD AGE 98 Look up what a retropulsion (or pull) test is. The substantia nigra is a critical region in the brain for the production of dopamine. This neurochemical affects many activities of the central nervous system ranging from movement control, cognitive executive functions, and emotional limbic activity. Dopamine agonists are drugs that activate certain types of cells in the brain. Simply put, they activate dopamine receptors. impaired: danneggiato to mimic: imitare quivering: tremante relentless: inarrestabile to replenish: rifornire stem cell: cellula staminale stiffness: rigidit PARKINSON S It was in 1817 that a detailed medical essay was published on a particular disease by London doctor James Parkinson after whom it was named, Parkinson s disease. What is Parkinson s? Parkinson s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It manifests through a variety of symptoms, most notably tremors, stiffness, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and impaired balance . Patients may also experience non-motor symptoms, such as depression, sleep disturbances, and cognitive decline. Over time, these symptoms worsen, making daily activities challenging for those affected. Who? Parkinson s disease affects an estimated 10 million men and women worldwide. Women have been shown to have a lower risk of developing PD, and research suggests that there are differences in the way that men and women experience Parkinson s. Studies indicate that women diagnosed with PD report different symptoms, more side effects, and changes in their symptoms throughout the day ( fluctuations ), and that they receive lower quality healthcare than men. Causes The exact cause of Parkinson s disease remains unclear, but it is linked to the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra . Dopamine is essential for regulating movement, and its deficiency results in the motor symptoms of the disease. Several factors may contribute to the risk of developing Parkinson s, including environmental toxins and ageing. Though it s primarily considered sporadic, a small percentage of cases are also inherited through genetic mutations. 200 ADULtS AnD ELDERLy pEOpLE Treatment While Parkinson s disease has no cure, several treatments can help manage its symptoms. Medications like Levodopa and dopamine agonists are commonly prescribed to replenish or mimic dopamine. Other therapies, such as physical exercise, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, can improve motor function and quality of life. In advanced cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, which involves implanting electrodes in the brain to reduce symptoms, is an option. Research into potential solutions is ongoing. Scientists are exploring gene therapies, neuroprotective drugs, and stem cell treatments to slow or reverse the progression of Parkinson s. Advances in technology, such as wearable devices and AI-assisted monitoring, could improve early diagnosis and personalised treatment plans. While there is still much to learn, these innovations provide hope for better outcomes and, possibly, a cure in the future. Parkinson's Disease Symptoms