102 Angina pectoris is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when a part of your heart doesn t get enough blood and oxygen. Do you know what a pacemaker is? CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of illness and death among older adults, as the risk of developing heart-related conditions increases with age. CVDs encompass a range of disorders, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension. Ageing naturally brings about changes in the cardiovascular system, such as the stiffening of blood vessels and a decline in heart function, thus making older individuals more susceptible to these conditions. Causes Several factors contribute to cardiovascular diseases in old age. Key risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Genetic predisposition and long-term exposure to unhealthy behaviour also play a role. Ageing itself contributes to the hardening of arteries, reducing their ability to carry blood efficiently, which can lead to heart attacks or strokes. Symptoms The symptoms of CVDs can vary but often include chest pain (angina ), shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeats, and swelling in the legs or ankles. Many older adults may experience these symptoms gradually, while others may have sudden events like heart attacks or strokes. Diagnosis Diagnosing cardiovascular diseases in older adults typically involves a physical examination, review of medical history, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (EKG), echocardiograms, heart stress tests, and blood tests. In some cases, more advanced imaging like coronary angiography may be necessary. Treatment Treatment for CVDs often includes a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgical interventions . Medications such as statins, beta-blockers, and blood pressure drugs are commonly prescribed to manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. In severe cases, procedures like angioplasty, stenting, or bypass surgery may be required. Lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a heart-healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and managing stress, are critical for preventing and managing CVDs in older age. These changes, along with regular medical care, can significantly improve heart health and reduce the risk of further complications. to swell: gonfiare 206 ADULtS AnD ELDERLy pEOpLE