38 BREASTFEEDING For the first twelve months of life, numerous government and private industry associations recognise and promote the importance of providing breast milk to babies. Research has shown, in fact, that breastfed infants have fewer and shorter episodes of illness, and that the superior nutrition provided by breast milk benefits the baby s IQ. Only 40% of babies all over the world are breastfed. Advantages of breastfeeding for the baby Breastfeeding: Do you know when formula milk was invented? helps the baby s immune system to mature, providing more antibodies against common illnesses; appears to reduce the risk of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes; delays and lowers the risk of developing allergies; protects against developing chronic diseases such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and childhood cancers; helps developing oral muscles, facial bones, and optimal dental growth; improves emotional security and enhances bonding thanks to skin-toskin contact. bowel: intestino cluster feeding: alimentazione a grappolo cracked: screpolato to delay: ritardare formula milk: latte artificiale growth spurt: scatto di crescita IQ (intellegince quotient): quoziente intelletivo to latch on: attaccarsi (al seno) sore: dolorante to wriggle: contorcere 86 BABIES AND CHILDREN Advantages of breastfeeding for the mother Breastfeeding: is the healthiest and most convenient choice at the lowest cost; reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancers; increases the levels of oxytocin, stimulating uterine contractions, minimising blood loss, and encouraging rapid uterine toning; increases the rate of weight loss in most nursing mothers; increases selfconfidence and contributes to creating a strong sense of connection with the baby. A few disadvantages Even though breastfeeding is considered the best option, there might be some inconveniences. Everything the mother consumes is passed on to her baby: food, medications, and whatever she applies on her skin. Breastfeeding can be painful and can cause sore or cracked nipples. It may take some time to learn how to have a baby latch on properly. Stress may decrease milk production. Bottle-feeding Breast milk can be stored and heated to help parents continue to provide the benefits of breast milk when either the mother is busy or the father wants to bond with his baby. Bottle-feeding using formula milk is instead necessary when problems arise.